Open Research Europe

IntroductionThe interplay of daily life factors, including mood, physical activity, or light exposure, influences sleep architecture and quality. Laboratory-based studies often isolate these determinants to establish causality, thereby sacrificing ecological validity. Furthermore, little is known about time-of-year changes in sleep and circadian-related variables at high resolution, including the magnitude of individual change across time of year under real-world conditions. ObjectivesThis study investigates the combined impact of sleep determinants on individuals daily sleep episodes to elucidate which waking events modify sleep patterns. A second goal is to describe high-resolution individual sleep and circadian-related changes across the year to understand intra- and interindividual variability. Methods and analysisThis study is a prospective cohort study with a measurement-burst design. Healthy adults aged 18-35 (N = 12) will be enrolled for 12 months. Participants will continuously wear actimeters and pendant-attached light loggers. A subgroup will also measure interstitial fluid glucose levels (n = 6). Every four weeks, all participants will undergo three consecutive measurement days of four ecological momentary assessments each day ("bursts") to sample sleep determinants during wake. Participants will also continuously wear temperature loggers (iButtons) during the bursts. Body weight will be captured before and after the bursts, and visual function will be tested in the laboratory. The bursts are separated by two at-home electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings each night. Circadian phase and amplitude will be determined during the bursts from hair follicles, and habitual melatonin onset will be derived through saliva sampling. Environmental parameters (bedroom temperature, humidity, and air pressure) will be recorded continuously. Ethics and disseminationThe Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich approved this study (#2023-653-S-SB). We adhere to research standards including the Declaration of Helsinki and open science principles. Results will be made available as future peer-reviewed publications and contributions to conferences. Article summary - Strengths and LimitationsO_LIThis study investigates human sleep in the natural environment across 12 months incorporating multi-domain sleep determinants to understand their combined contribution to the subsequent sleep episode. C_LIO_LIThe study integrates novel and state-of-the art data collection methods, including wearable at-home EEG, continuous glucose measurement (CGM) and personalised light logging, as well as hair follicle-derived circadian amplitude and phase. C_LIO_LIThe study focuses on longitudinal and high-resolution intra-individual data (N = 12) going beyond sparse resolution. Assessments include home-based EEG recordings twice per month, monthly circadian phase and amplitude assessment, 3-days of four daily ecological momentary assessment per month, and continuous actimetry, continuous light logging and continuous bedroom temperature/humidity/air pressure monitoring. C_LIO_LIDue to the lack of experimental manipulations, drawing direct causal inferences from the data will not be possible. C_LIO_LIThe participant burden to generate the within-subject data is high due to the intensive sampling and long participation duration. C_LI

1.Since the Covid-19 virus spreads through airborne transmission, questions concerning the risk of spreading infectious droplets during singing and music making has arisen. To contribute to this question and to help clarify the possible risks, we analyzed 15 singing scenarios (1) qualitatively - by making airflows visible, while singing - and (2) quantitatively - by measuring air velocities at three distances (1m, 1.5m and 2m). Air movements were considered positive when lying above 0.1 m/s, which is the usual room air velocity in venue, such as the concert hall of the Bamberg Symphony, where our measurements with three professional singers (female classical style, male classic style, female popular music style) took place. Our findings highlight that high measurements for respiratory air velocity while singing are comparable to measurements of speaking and - by far - less than coughing. All measurements for singing stayed within a reach of 1.5m, while only direct voiceless blowing achieved measurements at the 2m sensor. Singing styles that use plosive sounds, i.e. using consonants more often as in rap, produced the highest air velocities of 0.17 m/s at the 1m sensor. Also, singing while wearing a facemask produces no air movements over 0.1 m/s. On the basis of our recent studies on measurements of airflows and air velocities of professional singers and wind instrument players, as well as further studies on CO{square} measurements in room settings of music activities, we publish our results - in consideration of further up-to-date research - in our frequently updated risk assessment (first published in April 2020). On this behalf, we suggest 2m radial distances for singers, especially in choirs.

BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of our societies to aerosol transmitted pathogens. With no less than 260mio known cases and > 5mio deaths, SARS-CoV-2 is a global catastrophe leading to human and economic losses unprecedented in recent history. Thus, effective methods to limit the spread of aerosol transmitted pathogens are needed. Universal masking and curfew laws are effective but no permanent solution. MethodsA mass producible LED light source emitting homogeneous parallel UV-C light was used as a "light-barrier" to block the spread of infectious aerosols. In an aerosol test channel, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as coronavirus were nebulized and inactivation rates were determined. FindingsWith air speeds of 0.1 m s-1 an exposure time of 1 s in the UV-C light is obtained. Reduction in CFU for E. coli was >3log10 and for S. aureus [~]2.8log10. Plug-forming-units of the murine coronavirus (Mouse Hepatitis Virus, MHV) were reduced by about 3log10. InterpretationThe concept of a UV-C light barrier to ward off infectious aerosols if feasible and possible with a light element as described here. Coupled with sensor based activation/deactivation, such a technology could greatly reduce the transmission rates of aerosol transmitted pathogens while not disturbing natural human behaviour. This is an interesting technology allowing a "new normal" in societies after/with SARS-CoV-2.

BackgroundGlobal ecosystem deprivation is linked to reduced microbial diversity and diminished immunological resilience. Urban rewilding and decomposing plant matter have been suggested to reverse this deprivation and support human health. MethodsWe rewilded 21 urban private yards with vegetation and deadwood. Control yards (15) were analyzed for comparison. We collected microbial samples and used vegetation and deadwood inventories, landcover data and questionnaires to determine the effects of rewilding and living environment on skin and salivary microbiota, gene pathways and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10). Samples were collected before the rewilding in summer and three months later in autumn. FindingsRewilding preserved skin microbial richness in comparison to control group, including previously health-associated Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, despite the normal seasonal decline and less outdoor time in autumn. Deadwood abundance within 200-m radii associated directly to beta diversity of skin microbiota and Gammaproteobacterial taxonomies. In saliva, deadwood was directly associated with the diversity of functional gene pathways, which in turn was negatively associated with pleiotropic IL-6 levels. Rewilding was associated with a decrease in L-histidine degradation and an increase in Mycobacteriaceae. InterpretationSince both yard rewilding and neighborhood deadwood preserved rich commensal microbiota and reduced pro-inflammatory signals, decomposing plant matter, not just plant richness, seems to be crucial for ecosystem services that contribute to health. Since deadwood abundance was associated to reduced pro-inflammatory signals, it may be a suitable indicator of environment supporting immunological resilience. Our findings provide an incentive for future strategic investments for planetary health. FundingStrategic Research council Finland.

Computational bioacoustics has seen significant advances in recent decades. However, the rate of insights from automated analysis of bioacoustic audio lags behind our rate of collecting the data - due to key capacity constraints in data annotation and bioacoustic algorithm development. Gaps in analysis methodology persist: not because they are intractable, but because of resource limitations in the bioacoustics community. To bridge these gaps, we advocate the open science method of data challenges, structured as public contests. We conducted a bioacoustics data challenge named BioDCASE, within the format of an existing event (DCASE). In this work we report on the procedures needed to select and then conduct useful bioacoustics data challenges. We consider aspects of task design such as dataset curation, annotation, and evaluation metrics. We report the three tasks included in BioDCASE 2025 and the resulting progress made. Based on this we make recommendations for open community initiatives in computational bioacoustics.

Acoustics play a crucial role in shaping our perception of sound and its emotional impact. The rock art site of Cuevas de la Arana in Bicorp, Spain, is an archaeological site where pre-historic communities gathered for social and ritual activities. Cuevas de la Arana exhibits acoustical characteristics that could have enhanced the sensory and emotional impact during ceremonies performed with music. In the present study, a listening test was conducted to assess how the acoustics of Cuevas de la Arana and other rock art sites influence modern-day listeners perception of sound. Listeners were asked to describe, using their own vocabulary, a series of auralizations created with the impulse responses collected in Cuevas de la Arana and other neighboring sites with and without rock art. The words written by participants underwent categorization through a hierarchical clustering approach. Significant results emerged indicating that listeners perceived auralizations from rock art sites as larger, wider, less direct, farther and more reverberant than the auralizations from sites lacking rock art. Notably, the most prominent disparities were observed in the categories of size, distance, and reverberation when contrasting the auralizations from Cuevas de la Arana with those of non-painted sites. These findings align with the outcomes documented in prior literature that investigated the acoustic characteristics of the sites and offer valuable insights into the auditory experiences at rock art sites, shedding light on their unique acoustic properties.

Human virome studies are gaining attention as viruses are increasingly acknowledged as key modulators of microbial communities and human health. However, viral metagenomics presents distinct challenges, including the low abundance and diversity of viruses in biological samples, the lack of universal marker genes, and protocol-induced biases. Although various virome protocols have been benchmarked using viral particles or nucleic acids from mock communities, these often fail to replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of natural viromes. In this study, we systematically evaluated protocol modifications for the metagenomic analysis of human fecal samples, testing alternatives for viral enrichment, nucleic acid extraction, genome amplification, and library preparation. We assessed the impact of each modification on key inferences, including taxonomic and functional assignment, contig quality, viral diversity, and genome structure. Our results highlight important trade-offs between viral genome recovery and contamination removal, underscoring how methodological choices can shape virome composition. Based on our findings, we propose an optimized protocol that enhances the recovery of viral DNA and RNA genomes while minimizing contamination from non-viral sequences, providing a robust framework for future gut virome studies.

Bulk T cell repertoire profiling using sequencing (TCR-Seq) is a powerful method to investigate T cell responses to natural infections, vaccines, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. This assay can be conducted using various techniques, such as multiplex PCR or 5-RACE. However, each methods introduces systematic biases that can result in different pictures of the underlying T cell repertoire. Furthermore, the impact of technical variables on the accuracy of these methods remains understudied. Thus, in this study, we systematically characterized different multiplex PCR-based protocols, focusing on the quality and quantity of the utilized RNA/DNA, extraction methods, amplification programs, variations between production batches, and technical handling of samples. Our findings highlight the important role of RNA/DNA quality in shaping the profiling results of T cell repertoires. Whereas low RNA/DNA quantities can be partially compensated for by increasing the number of PCR cycles, this is partially not possible with lower quality. In conclusion, our results highlight the influence of different technical choices on the biological conclusions drawn from TCR-Seq data and provide practical guidelines to finetune these variables to ensure consistent and reliable results under diverse experimental constraints.

Exposure to environmental noise in residential areas has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes; however, the mechanisms of this relationship remain underexplored. This study investigates the contribution of reduced sleep quality to the negative association between perceived neighbourhood environmental noise exposure and poor mental health. We used the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey and applied causal mediation methods to examine the role of sleep in the association between self-reported exposure to road traffic noise and plane, train and industry (PTI) noise and mental wellbeing at three time points between 2012 and 2021. Road traffic noise was associated with poorer mental health in 2012-13 and 2016-17, while no evidence of an association was observed in 2020-2021 (the period of COVID-related lockdowns in Australia). For the years where a significant association was observed, mediation analyses suggest that reduced sleep quality accounts for 21% (in 2012-13; 95% CI: 7-35%) and 33% (in 2016-17; 95% CI: 26-64%) of the total effect of perceived traffic noise on mental health. Perceived PTI noise was associated with poorer mental health in 2016-2017 and 2020-2021, with mediation through sleep observed in 2016-2017 (proportion mediated 20% (95% CI:3-38%)). Mediation by sleep quality was stronger among people reporting exposure to multiple noise sources than among people reporting exposure to a single noise source. As much as a third of the association between road traffic noise and poor mental wellbeing may be due to poorer sleep quality following exposure to unwanted noise.

Acoustic communication is tightly coupled to collective behaviour and social network structure in many animal societies. Yet continuous, identity-resolved recordings of multiple concurrent signalers are challenging. We evaluated a commercial acoustic camera for marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) vocal behavior across controlled bench tests and naturalistic family interactions. Spectral characterization showed the system is closest to neutral and most sensitive in 5-10 kHz, supporting reliable detection without correction in this range. Static localization accuracy was between 1-3 cm across the experimental enclosure. In simultaneous two-source tests, separation depended strongly on geometry and intensity level: very small spacing (20 cm) produced a single merged hotspot, frame-wise co-representation of multiple sources was infrequent and biased by sub-decibel level asymmetries. In natural 15-min family recordings (N=519 calls), the camera detected 96.5% of calls, among detected events, caller assignment was 97.6% correct (overall 94.2%). Ground-truth playback confirmed near-ceiling detection ([~]100%) and high assignment with two emitters ([~]98%), with reduced attribution in crowded four-emitter layouts. Together, these results indicate that acoustic imaging can deliver high detection and accurate caller attribution for typical marmoset vocalizations, with primary limitations arising from spatial crowding and small inter-source level differences. Importantly, this limitation can be mitigated in the native software by sequentially silencing suspected sound sources. The approach thus provides a practical and reliable path toward continuous, identity-resolved vocal monitoring in freely behaving primates.

O_LIAnimals with specialized hearing such as bats utilize the directionality of their hearing for complicated tasks such as navigation and foraging. The directionality of hearing can be described through the head related transfer function (HRTF). Current state of the art for obtaining the HRTF involves either direct measurement with a microphone at the eardrum, or a CT (micro computed tomography) scan to create a 3D model of the head for acoustic modelling. Both methods usually involve dead animals. C_LIO_LIWe developed a 3D photogrammetry approach to create scaled 3D models of bats with sufficient detail to simulate the HRTF using the boundary element method (BEM). We designed a setup of 28 cameras to obtain 3D models and HRTF from live awake bats. We directly compare the mesh models generated by our photogrammetry method and from CT scans as well as the simulated HRTFs from both with measurements using an in-ear microphone. C_LIO_LIGeometries of the mesh models match well between photogrammetry and CT, but with increasing errors where line of sight is compromised for photogrammetry. The resulting HRTFs are in great agreement when comparing CT and in-ear measurements to photogrammetry (correlation coefficients above 0.6). The 3D model and simulated HRTF of the live and awake bat likewise aligns well to the results from the deceased animals. C_LIO_LIPhotogrammetry is a viable alternative to CT scans for the generation of surface models of small animals. These models allow numerical modelling of HRTFs at biologically relevant frequencies. Moreover, photogrammetry allows for model generation and subsequent HRTF simulation of live, awake animals, abolishing the need for euthanasia and anesthesia. It paves the way for large scale acquisition of 3D models for various purposes including HRTFs. C_LI

The consumption of probiotics may influence childrens gut microbiome and metabolome, which may reflect shifts in gut microbial diversity composition and metabolism. These potential changes might have a beneficial impact on health. However, there is a lack of evidence investigating the effect of probiotics on the gut microbiome and metabolome of children. We aimed to examine the potential impact of a two (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii; S2) vs. three (S2 + Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain BB-12) strain-supplemented yogurt. Included in this study were 59 participants, aged one to five years old, recruited to phase I of a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, after the intervention, and at twenty days post-intervention discontinuation, and untargeted metabolomics and shotgun metagenomics were performed. Shotgun metagenomics and metabolomic analyses showed no global changes in either intervention groups gut microbiome alpha or beta diversity indices. The relative abundance of the two and three intervention bacteria increased in the S2 and S2 + BB12 groups, respectively, from Day 0 to Day 10. In the S2+BB12 group, the abundance of several fecal metabolites was reduced at Day 10, including alanine, glycine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, and valine. These fecal metabolite changes did not occur in the S2 group. Future research using longer probiotic intervention durations and in children at risk for gastrointestinal disorders may elucidate if functional metabolite changes confer a protective gastrointestinal effect.

Hospital-acquired infections are a known and growing problem worldwide. Far-UVC is a novel disinfection method that inactivates bacteria with limited penetration into human skin or eyes. A clustered, unmatched, randomized control trial (RCT) will be implemented in two Bolivian hospitals. The intervention arm will receive functioning Far-UVC lamps, whereas the control arm will receive identical lamps that do not emit UV light (shams). Based on baseline data, 40 lamp fixtures will be installed above hospital sinks, 10 per arm per hospital. Environmental samples (air and surface swabs) will be collected and analyzed via culture and sequencing. Simultaneously, air chemical monitoring data will be collected.

Metals facilitate catalysis during cellular metabolism, but heterogeneity of metal content at single-cell level within and between cell populations is poorly characterized. This is important because deficiencies of biometals, for example iron, are enormously prevalent worldwide. Here we quantify metal content of single-cells using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To develop the method, we used rhodium and iridium-intercalated Jurkat cells, obtaining >0.96% r2 cross-analytical correlation with mass cytometry. We quantified iron and calcium mass/cell for murine T-lymphocytes with 3% and 8% 2-sigma intra-precision, respectively, when assessing thousands of cells/minute. T-lymphocytes exposed to a 625-fold difference in extracellular iron concentrations maintained close iron homeostatic control, varying [~]20% in iron content. Nevertheless, this relatively small variation strongly correlated with changes in cellular activation characteristics measured by flow cytometry. We also assessed human B-cell iron content, which was [~]10-fold higher than murine T-lymphocytes. Overall, we demonstrate rapid iron quantification at single-cell level in different cell types and relate cellular iron content to cell function. TeaserPrecise and rapid iron metallomics of lymphocytes by single cell ICP-MS is a powerful approach for accessing signatures of immunological status.

Military pilots are exposed to severe physiological challenges during their missions that may affect cognitive and physical performance. Therefore, continuous monitoring potentially provides critical insights about the impact of extreme condition exposure on the fitness for duty of military pilots. We applied a textile-based monitoring system during training sessions with pilot aspirants to investigate the impact of hypobaric hypoxia and high G-force exposures on the signal quality obtained for a 1-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest excursions. The physiological variables considered were heart rate, heart rate variability, as well as respiratory frequency and respiratory amplitude. In general, 92% and 82% of the recorded ECG time segments during hypoxia and G-force exposure, respectively, were classified as plausible for further analysis. For respiratory data, 72% and 76% were classified as accurate for further data analysis and interpretation. Detailed information about signal quality was found to be critical for the assessment of physiological variables recorded in extreme conditions. Furthermore, the combination of various physiological signals allows for a more holistic interpretation of body responses, for the assessment of body tolerances and an early detection of possible physical and cognitive impairments.

We examined whether dynamic light across a scheduled 16-h waking day influences cognitive performance, visual comfort, melatonin secretion, sleepiness and sleep under strictly controlled laboratory conditions of 49-h duration. Participants spent the first 5-h in the evening under standard lighting, followed by an 8-h nocturnal sleep episode at habitual bedtimes. Thereafter volunteers either woke up with static daylight LED (100 lux and 4000 Kelvin) or with a dynamic daylight LED that changed color (2700 - 5000 Kelvin) and intensity (0 - 100 lux) across the scheduled 16-h waking day. This was followed by an 8-h nocturnal treatment sleep episode at habitual bedtimes. Thereafter, volunteers spent another 12-h either under static or dynamic light during scheduled wakefulness. Under dynamic light, evening melatonin levels were less suppressed 1.5hours prior to usual bedtime, and participants felt less vigilant in the evening compared to static light. Sleep latency was significantly shorter in both the baseline and treatment night compared to the static light condition while sleep structure, sleep quality, cognitive performance and visual comfort did not significantly change. Our results support the recommendation of using blue-depleted light and low illuminances in the late evening, which can be achieved by a dynamically changing daylight LED solution.

The nanometre-scale topography and chemical structure of hair cuticles has been investigated by vibrational spectroscopy and imaging in two spectral regions. The combination of Atomic Force Microscopy with a tuneable infrared laser (AFM-IR) circumvents the diffraction limit that has impaired traditional infrared spectroscopy, facilitating surface spectroscopy at ultra-spatial resolution. The variation in protein and lipid content of the cuticle cell surface approaching its edge, as well as the exposed layered structure of the cell at the edge itself, was investigated. Furthermore, the contribution of cystine-related products to the cuticle layers was determined. The variation of protein, lipid and cystine composition in the observed layers, as well as the measured dimensions of each, correspond closely to that of the epicuticle, A-layer, exocuticle and endocuticle layers of the cuticle cell sub-structure. Statement of SignificanceUsing AFM-IR to analyse the nanoscale cuticle features is both significant and novel in the field. Thus far, the great majority of work on the chemical investigation of the structure of hair has been limited to bulk measurements, or subject to the diffraction limit associated with traditional IR spectroscopies and microscopies. AFM-IR circumvents this diffraction limit and allows nanometre-scale, localised chemical investigation with high surface selectivity. While non-chemical investigations, e.g. those using Transmission Election Microscopy, have previously shown cuticles to have a layered substructure, AFM-IR sheds light on significant chemical variations of protein and lipid compositions within such layers, enabling their quantification.

Medication usage is a significant contributor to the inter-individual variability in the gut microbiome. However, drugs are often used long-term and repeatedly, a notion yet unaccounted for in microbiome studies, which might lead to underestimating the extent of drug effects. Recently, we and others showed that not only the usage of antibiotics and antidepressants at the time of sampling but also past consumption is associated with the gut microbiome. This effect can be "additive" - the more a drug is used, the stronger the effect on the microbiome. Here, by utilizing electronic health records and the Estonian Microbiome cohort metagenomics dataset (n=2,509), we systematically evaluate the long-term effects of antibiotics and human-targeted medications on the gut microbiome. We show that the past usage of medications is associated with the gut microbiome, and for example, the effects of antibiotics, psycholeptics, antidepressants, proton pump inhibitors, and beta-blockers are detectable several years after usage. Furthermore, by analyzing a subcohort (n=328) with microbiome measured repeatedly, we show that similar changes in the gut microbiome occur after treatment initiation, possibly indicating causal effects.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in many live events being canceled or held without spectator participation. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies to determine the conditions under which cultural activities can be maintained. In this study the results from available literature were combined with findings, guidelines and regulations for other indoor environments and recommendations were derived. In the cultural sector, the number of experimental investigations, surveys and simulations is comparatively small. This is probably due to the complexity of the events in terms of location and visitor flow, so the respective conditions under which they take place can be very different. It is therefore practically impossible to predict the risk of infection for a specific situation with potential virus spreaders attending or to derive general rules that go beyond the known measures of vaccination, testing, masks and distance. Cultural events can be held under pandemic conditions, provided certain conditions are met. Most study results agree on this. However, any recommendations for hygiene, safety and ventilation measures in cultural institutions can only minimize the risk of infection, but cannot completely rule it out. It is also of considerable importance that visitors protect themselves individually and act responsibly. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=68 SRC="FIGDIR/small/22281932v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (10K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b4f8dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e3b4a9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16a0140org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78280b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

BackgroundProlonged heat exposure disrupts immune homeostasis and can precipitate acute systemic inflammation. However, the core temperature threshold that triggers sex-specific leukocyte and neutrophil activation during passive heat stress remains undefined. MethodsWe studied 52 males and 58 females exposed to wet-bulb temperatures of 32-35 {degrees}C. Rectal temperature (Trec) was continuously monitored, and blood samples were collected at 0.5 {degrees}C increments up to 38.6 {degrees}C. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts were modeled using quadratic and segmented regression to identify inflection points of immune activation. ResultsBoth leukocytes and neutrophils increased nonlinearly with rising Trec (p < 0.05). A critical Trec of 38.1 {degrees}C--closely aligns with the 38.0 {degrees}C occupational core temperature limits--marked an inflection in leukocyte responses: below this point, females showed steeper increases; whereas above it, males showed accelerated activation. Neutrophils demonstrated consistently greater mobilization in males across the entire temperature range (36.9-38.6 {degrees}C). ConclusionsA distinct core temperature threshold ([~]38.1 {degrees}C) governs immune cell activation and reveals sex-dependent response patterns. This finding provides an immunological rationale for current occupational het limits and highlights the importance of integrating sex-specific considerations into protective guidelines under extreme heat. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/681783v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (22K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9620dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47beborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6396daorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@44c890_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG